Step 1. Equipment Setup

You will need:
A beaker, Gauze, Tripod, Bunsen Burner, Heatproof Mat, Filter Paper, Evaporating Basin, Glass Rod

Safety Concerns

Step 2. Making Copper Sulfate

1. Pour Sulfuric Acid in to beaker
2. Light the Bunsen Burner
3. Add Copper Oxide to Sulfuric Acid
4. Mix solution with a glass rod

Safety Concerns
Sulfuric Acid is corrosive
Take caution when using Bunsen Burner
Glass can smash

Step 3. Completion of Reaction

Once solution turns blue and no more Copper Oxide will react, Copper Sulfate solution is formed.

Safety Concerns

Step 4. Filtration

1. Set up equiptment as shown
2. Pour Copper Sulfate solution into filter paper to separate Copper Oxide from Copper Sulfate

Safety Concerns

Step 5. Evaporation

1. Set up equiptment as shown
2. Pour Copper Sulfate solution into Evaporating Basin
3. Turn on Bunsen Burner
4. Heat until Copper Sufate solution halves

Safety Concerns
Risk of burns and fire from Bunsen Burner

Step 6. Crystallisation

1. Leave Evaporating Basin to cool until crystalls form

Safety Concerns

Step 1. Solution Transfer

1. Using a pipette, transfer 25cm³ of Sodium Hydroxide Solution into a Conical Flask

Safety Concerns
Sodium Hydroxide is corrosive

Step 2. Adding Indicator

1. Add 5 drops of an indicator (such as Mythyl Orange or Phenolphthalein) to the Sodium Hydroxide solution

Safety Concerns

Step 3. Neutralisation

1. Place Conical Fask on a White Tile. This will allow for easier observations of the incoming colour change
2. Fill a Burette with Sulfuric Acid
3. Slowly and carefully, allow the Burette to drip Sulfuric Acid into the conical flask until the start of a colour change is observed
4. Once the colour changes, now add the acid drop by drop until the solution is neutral. If using methyl organge, the solution will turn red when neutral.
5. Once neutral, stop adding acid. Record the volume of acid added from the Burette. Make sure to read from the meniscus.

Safety Concerns

Step 1. Equipment Setup

1. Take a beaker
2. Add approximatley 50cm³ of Copper Chloride Solution to the Beaker
3. Place a Petri Dish with two holes in it on top of the beaker

Safety Concerns
Copper Chloride is an irritant

Step 2. More Setup

1. Insert 2 Carbon rods into the holes on the top of the Petri Dish
2. Connect Crocodile Leads to the Carbon rods and a power supply

Safety Concerns

Step 3. The Reaction

1. Set the power supply to 4V and turn it on
2. Observe electrodes. For this experiment, Chlorine gas will be produced at the anode and Copper will coat the cathodde

Safety Concerns

Step 1. Equipment Setup

1. Add 25cm³ of Hydrochloric Acid to a Polystyrene Cup
2. Place the cup inside of a beaker to make it more stable
3. Record the initial temperature using a thermometer
4. Add 5cm³ more of Hydrochloric Acid to the Polystyrene Cup
5. Put a lid on the cup and stir the solution using the termometer through a hole in the lid
6. When the temperature appears constant on the thermometer, record it
7. Repeat steps 4 - 6, adding 5cm³ of Hydrochloric acid up until 40cm³ extra has been added in total
8. Repeat steps 1 - 7 and calculate an average for each result

Safety Concerns
Wear goggles

Method 1.

1. Place a printed black cross onto a white tile.
2. Place a conical flask on top of the tile.
3. Add 10cm³ Hydrochloric Acid into a conical flask.
4. Add 10cm³ Sodium thiosulphate into the conical flask and immediately start a stopwatch.
5. Look down through the conical flask to the cross on the tile below.
6. Stop the stopwatch when the tile is no longer visible. Record the time taken.
7. Repeat this experiment twice more and calculate the average time taken.

Safety Concerns

Glass can smash
Wear goggles when looking through conical flask
HCL is corrosive

Method 2.

1. Set up a conical flask containing 50dm³ of 1.0M Hydrochloric Acid sealed with a bung with a delivery tube connecting to an up-turned, water-filled measuring cylinder placed in a ater container.
2. Add a 3cm long strip of Magnesium to the conical fask and quickly reseal with the bung. Immeditely start the stopwatch.
3. Record the volume of Hydrogen acculumating at the top of the measuring cylinder every 10 seconds until no more gas is given off.
4. Repeat the experiment using different concentrations of Hydrochloric Acid.

Safety Concerns
Glass can smash
HCL is corrosive

Step 1. Preparing the paper

1. On a piece of chromatography paper, draw a horazontal pencil line 2cm from the bottom.
2. Using a Capillary Tube, put small spots of each food colouring onto the pencil line, ensuring that they are at least 1cm apart.
3. Label the four known dyes A - D, and the unknown dye U.

Safety Concerns

Food colouring can be irritive

Step 2. Separating mixtures

1. Take a beaker and fill it with about 1cm³ of water.
2. Suspend the chromatography paper in the beaker so that the bottom edge of the paper is dipped in the water.
3. Wait for the water solvent to travel up about 3/4 of the paper, then remove it and hang it up to dry it.
4. Calculate the R_f values for each spot. R_f value = Disance travelled by solute / Distance travelled by solvent

Safety Concerns
Glass can smash

Part 1. Analysing Water - pH

1. Place a droplet of water onto a piece of universal indictor paper.
2. If the paper does not turn green, then the water is definately not pure, if the paper does turn green, then the water could be pure.

Safety Concerns

Do not drink the water

Part 1. Analysing Water - Purity

1. Measure and record the mass of an empty evaporating basin using scales.
2. Set up a Bunsen Burner on a heat-proof mat, with a tripod and gauze over it.
3. Place the evaporating basin on the gauze and fill it with water.
4. Light the Bunsen Burner and wait for all of the water to evaporate.
5. Once all of the water has evaporated, measure the mass of the evaporating basin. If it is the same as the initial measurement, the water is pure, however, if it is heavier than the initial measurment, then dissolved solids have been left behind, meaning that the water is not pure.

Safety Concerns

Risk of burns and fire from Bunsen Burner

Part 2. Purifying Water

1. Set up a conical flask of water on a gauze on a tripod over a bunsen burner on a heatproof mat. Fill the flask with a small volume of water, then place a bung in the top and a delivery tube feeding to a test tube which should be sumburged in a beaker of water and ice.
2. Turn on the bunsen burner, heating the water until it starts to boil.
3. When the water starts to boil, reduce the heat to a gentle boil.
4. Once enough water has condensed in the test tube, turn off the bunsen burner.

Safety Concerns

Do not drink the water
Risk of burns and fire from Bunsen Burner